جمله‌های موصولی کوتاه‌شدهReduced relative clauses

When you can drop the relative pronoun

جملهٔ موصولی توضیحی که شکلی از «be» دارد، می‌تواند ضمیر و «be» را کاملاً از دست بدهد. معلوم: «the people who are waiting outside» ← «the people waiting outside». مجهول: «the report which was published yesterday» ← «the report published yesterday». این فقط با جمله‌های موصولی تعریف‌کننده کار می‌کند — هرگز با موصولی غیرتعریف‌کننده که بین ویرگول است: «My brother, who lives in Rome, is a chef» را نمی‌شود کوتاه کرد. دو نکتهٔ دیگر. اول، وقتی صفت عالی یا «first/last/only» هست می‌توان با مصدر با to هم کوتاه کرد: «the first person to arrive». دوم، صورت ‎-ing تنها می‌تواند جایگزین «who/which + هر فعلی» شود، نه فقط «be»: «anyone wanting a refund» = «anyone who wants a refund». موصولی کوتاه‌شده سریع‌ترین راه کم کردن طول بدون از دست دادن معناست.

A defining relative clause with a form of "be" can lose the pronoun and the "be" entirely. ACTIVE: "the people who are waiting outside" → "the people waiting outside". PASSIVE: "the report which was published yesterday" → "the report published yesterday". This works only with DEFINING clauses — never with a non-defining clause between commas: "My brother, who lives in Rome, is a chef" cannot be reduced. Two further points. First, you can also reduce with a to-infinitive when there is a superlative or "first/last/only": "the first person to arrive", "the only thing to do". Second, a bare -ing form can replace "who/which + any verb", not just "be": "anyone wanting a refund" = "anyone who wants a refund". Reduced relatives are the single fastest way to cut length without losing meaning.