نشانگرهای گفتمان برای نوشتنDiscourse markers for writing

A marker for every relation

انگلیسی نوشتاری آهنگ صدا را با نشانگر جایگزین می‌کند. افزودن: furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more, besides. تقابل: however, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the other hand, whereas, by contrast. علت و نتیجه: therefore, consequently, as a result, hence, thus, accordingly. مثال: for instance, namely, in particular, such as. توالی: firstly, subsequently, meanwhile, finally. جمع‌بندی: in short, to sum up, overall, on balance. سه قاعدهٔ کاربرد. اول، بیشتر این‌ها قید هستند نه حرف ربط، پس پیش از آن‌ها نقطه یا نقطه‌ویرگول لازم است نه ویرگول: «It rained. However, we went out» — هرگز «It rained, however we went out». دوم، پس از نشانگر ویرگول می‌آید. سوم، معمولاً در هر بند یک نشانگر کافی است؛ بندی که هر جمله‌اش با «Moreover» شروع شود مثل ماشین خوانده می‌شود.

Written English replaces intonation with markers. ADDING: furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more, besides. CONTRASTING: however, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the other hand, whereas, by contrast. CAUSE AND RESULT: therefore, consequently, as a result, hence, thus, accordingly. EXAMPLE: for instance, namely, in particular, such as. SEQUENCE: firstly, subsequently, meanwhile, finally. CONCLUDING: in short, to sum up, overall, on balance. Three rules of use. First, most of these are ADVERBS, not conjunctions, so they need a full stop or a semicolon before them, not a comma: "It rained. However, we went out" — never "It rained, however we went out". Second, a comma follows the marker. Third, one marker per paragraph is usually enough; a paragraph that opens every sentence with "Moreover" reads like a machine.