مرور ۱۴: یادگیری و داوریReview 14: learning and judging

Five lessons, five reusable sentences

یادگیری (۷۳). should have + اسم مفعول برای نصیحت دربارهٔ گذشته‌ای که نمی‌شود عوضش کرد، جفت‌شده با یک next time قابل‌انتقال؛ نردبان از could have (بدون سرزنش) تا if only I had (پشیمانی محض)؛ و مقایسهٔ خلافِ شهودِ it feels worse and works better. ارزیابی (۷۴). توضیح رقیب — or it may simply be that… — و در پی‌اش آزمون تفکیک‌کننده: if it were X, we would expect…؛ if Y, we would expect… و حدِ صادقانه: we cannot tell from this whether X or Y. توضیح‌دادن (۷۵). از دانسته شروع کن با you know how…?؛ حدِ قیاس را بگو؛ پیش از استفاده با خط‌تیره تعریف کن؛ با which is why پیوند بزن؛ و با پرسش باز بررسی کن، هرگز does that make sense? بازخورد (۷۶). کار را در جایگاه فاعل بگذار — the transition is missing، نه you forgot the transition — هر نکته باید تغییری را نام ببرد، و بپرس which part stopped working for you? نه پرسش بله/خیر. پیشرفتِ خودت (۷۷). حال کامل برای نگاه بلندمدت، حال کامل استمراری برای مرحلهٔ کنونی، و I do not seem to be improving برای فلات — به‌علاوهٔ یک معیارِ بیرونی، چون معیارِ درونی همراه خودت بالا می‌رود. پنج درس، و هر پنج به یک چیز ختم می‌شوند: ادعا را آن‌قدر دقیق کن که کسی بتواند بررسی‌اش کند، از جمله خودت.

LEARNING (73). should have + past participle for advice about a past you cannot change, paired with a transferable next time; the ladder from could have (no blame) to if only I had (pure regret); and the counter-intuitive comparison it feels worse and works better. ASSESSMENT (74). The rival explanation — or it may simply be that… — followed by the discriminating test: if it were X, we would expect…; if Y, we would expect… And the honest limit: we cannot tell from this whether X or Y. EXPLAINING (75). Start from the known with you know how…?; state the analogy's limit; define with an em-dash before you use the term; link with which is why; and check with an open question, never does that make sense? FEEDBACK (76). Put the WORK in the subject position — the transition is missing, not you forgot the transition — make every point name a change, and ask which part stopped working for you? rather than a yes/no. YOUR OWN PROGRESS (77). Present perfect for the long view, present perfect continuous for the current phase, and I do not seem to be improving for the plateau — plus an external benchmark, because the standard rises with you. Five lessons, and every one of them comes down to the same thing: make the claim precise enough that somebody could check it, including you.